Indian Writing In English

I Name: Poojaba S.Gohil
Class: M.A. Sem. 3
Paper no.: 12 A
Topic:Issues of English language in india
Submitted to: Smt.S.B. Gardi
Department of English
M.K. Bhavnagar University
Issues of teaching of English at the elementary stage:-
Included points:-
Influence of English language and beginning of English language teaching
Issues of teaching English in a multilingual/multi social/multicultural society
Some suggestions to improve English language in a multilingual and multicultural classrooms
Affected facts to acquisition of second language
Introduction:-
India is a multilingual country.there are so many different languages that mostly people from various States using in their day today rutine life. There are approximately 122 languages existed now a days. These all languages mainly affected by 5 language families-
Indo-Aryan,Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic,Tibato-Barman and Cemito-Hemitic and even uncountable dialects effects them largely. As a result, our Indian classrooms becomes a multicultural and multilingual classroom in which to give equal and proper justice to English language is become a task or challenge itself.
Introduction of English studies in India:-
Generally if we try to see then we can say that the routes of Indian culture spreads initially from Mohenjodaro or Hadappa-Lothal.during this time India which was like a small plant started to become a wide Ajubaa.in which approximately one million and billion people living human lives. (Population) here various languages,different ways of eating-making foods, uncountable rituals, customs are caring & serving side by side.no matter what if there are various reasons such as cultural variety or linguistic differences or any how if it's about dressing or rituals or variation in lifestyle based reasons-but yet India remains always an attractive culture for voluntaries or foreigners especially for foreign countries.
European were the first exited people who migrated from urban up from. Afterwards some of the representation of British people came to india for filled the aim of business.after observing India's that time's political condition they easily planned to highjack polititions in india.to gain people's respects through enough serving and policies they means Britishers had required a huge trainee class for that "Baabu Class."
"A class of persons,India in blood and colors.But English in taste in in of India, in morals and in interests."
For that parliament Britishers entered teaching methods that was based on British strategies.
So this way, such types of teaching methods has intension to create or establish such tribal class that can help them to rule over India and by using it they can take help to earn in their business.
Pre-independance English language teaching in India:-
Initially British East India company had no such interest that required the establishment of English teaching process except business or trade only. No doubt some attempts were done at that too such as Warren Hearings A British man permitted to open Madressa in kalkatta in 1781 and after that in 1800 Lord Wellesley established fort William cottage with intension to be aware as well as inform company's clients about Indian language and rituals. But those all attempts were at individuals no social or political force was there that can support to give it light. Apart from this Christian missionary leads for some opportunities to spread and flows of Christianity by English medium teaching,because that was the time when in India a particular crash was established that wanted such teaching methods from where they can get support of earning.
For that in 1813,British parliament prepared a law or chart in which every year about 1,00,000/-Rs.were decided to purchase for books publications and education. But there also some issues raised, like is this money can use for English literature and science education only..? Or it can be take in use in Indian language such as Sanskrit and other..? What about it's spread and flows..? In 1835,when Lord Macaulay granted English as official, educational and progressive language after that some universities were established in the cities some special courses and training were started to promo English education.
Post independent India and English language teaching in India:-
Unfortunately after independence also there was no change towards English education and it's objects and priorities and afert independence also English education continued as before. Today our relations with foreigne  countries are increasing and that almost deals in English and that's why may be interest towards English learning of people is increasing that shows glory or importance and significance of English language. There were so many confusions regarding the position of English language as well as other language and due to that many issues were created at that time. In 1961's counseling or meeting of state governance there was a decision was passed of Tribhasha that later on accepted in schools regularly.
1)Regional language
2)Hindi or any Indian language
3)English or any European language
To decrease the burden of learning and teaching various languages this may be tried but some each other's mentality towards particular language it also can not work properly.yet some organizations continued to work on it by suggesting particular rules and regulations. Such as in 1952,under Madras English language teaching it was attempted throughout was in 1954 with the corporation of British counselling in Allahabad English language teaching institute was started.
Aacharya Rammurti commission also worked to support Tribhasha Sutra and recommended some institutions to bring actuality in learning various languages to students.
At present, in India we can observe that people are willing to learn English and by using that to fulfill means of earning. That's why in India 18 official regional languages are existed but yet English considers as India's associate official language.
Multilingualism and multiculturalism is the biggest problem for Indian classrooms for English education. Let's know these two problems creates distances in classroom and how English language become a challenge.
Issues of teaching English in a multilingual or multi social or multicultural society:-
India means a country of versatility and wider heritage of culture. Not only in culture and social variation it has but also with it has also variations in regional rules and rituals, casts, religions, trades, way of living life and there is also versatility in language.
Annamalia 2001 quoted:-
"Indian multilingualism is huge in size, having 1620 mother tongues reduced to 200 languages with the population of many minorities longer than European countries."
Indian language basically comes or driven from main English families such as Info Aryan,Tibato Burman and Austro Asiatic. Superiority and versatility between different languages based on it's social, cultural and geometrical differences this shows that every language has it's own social and cultural heritage. To keep in mind this multilingual and multicultural or multi social classrooms are imagined.
-Multilingualism
Three language formula was suggested by Indian government in Indian education council. Under this students have to compulsorily learn two other languages apart from their own first language or mother tongue. These two languages are starting to learn during higher secondary education. If student's mother tongue is Gujarati then he has to learn Hindi and English except that Sanskrit also learn in higher secondary education so this way, our classroom is multilingual classroom.in which two types of languages learning can find. Pupils learn two languages through two ways:Oral and Practical.
Being language teacher, they have to pass some challenges in classroom they do multilingualism.
Issues in teaching English in a multilingual classrooms:-
Natural flow that students use to learn mother tongue can not be as same as in learning second language.in fact, to learn L2 and L3 he take support of mother tongue,so on new language there may be remains some pronunciations of mother tongue's words and structures of sentences which can be obstacle for them to learn English language.
Sentence patterns:-
The another problem of multilingual classroom is of sentence patterns.
Sentence structure of English language is quite different from the sentence structure of Gujarati language and that's why may be students feels problems in learning English language in multilingual classroom.
English sentence pattern:-SVO
Subject Verb Object
Gujarati sentence pattern:-SOV
Subject Object English sentence patterns:-
For example:-
English structure
Reshma (S) is playing (V) cricket (O).
Gujrati structure
Reshma (S) Cricket (O) rami rahi che (V).
In Gujarati language,simple sentence can be turn to introgative sentence after adding question mark only.(?)
For example:-
Kale shala ma raja che.(Simple sentence)
Kale shala ma raja che..? (Introgative sentence)
While in English language, there are some required changes also has to do while turn simple sentence into introgative sentence.
For example:-
Dhawani is in standard 10th. (Simple sentence)
Is Dhawani in standard 10th..? ( Introgative sentence)
Even in English language order of words means position of words in sentence is most important. If we try to change the position of word then it may happen that the meaning of sentence may be also changed.
For example:-
Housewives love watching TV in the afternoon.
Here in this sentence if we try to change words such as we change the word Housewives then it will change the meaning of the sentence but the same sentence we can use in Gujarati language as without change in meaning even.
For example:-
Bapore Gruhinio ne TV jovu game che.
Gruhinio ne bapore TV jovu game che.
Tv jovu Gruhinio ne game che.

So sometimes some changes in words can also not effect the meaning of the sentence. But the difference between these two English and Gujrati language learning can effect our learning process of students also.and they may done mistakes that can be problem in learning as well.
Difference between the sound system of two languages:-
Student's multilingualism techniques sometimes become obstacle in pronunciation of words of English language.students pronunciate words of learning language. In Gujrati language pronunciation of English ang L1 has no difference so not only in classrooms but also in day today conversation when we listen pronunciated words from someone we get mispronunciation also and that may be turn to misinterpretation also.
For example:-
The snakes get serverd in the hole instead of snakes in the Hall.
Difference between written and spoken words:-
Like Indian languages Gujrati language is also written words with the same pronunciation while in English words writing and pronunciation looks different. Even some words of English language are silent.
For example:-
Budget (D)
Listen (T)
Science (E)
Island (S)
Psychology (P)
Knight (K)
It may create problem in learning English language for students.
Change of verb according to the number or gender:-
In Indian languages the verbs changes according to the gender and number, but in English it is not so.
For example:-
Kavya is drawing a picture.
Ved is drawing a picture.
Kavya and Ved are drawing pictures.
The change of objective according to the gender.
In Gujrati and other Indian language the objectives change according to the gender but in English language it does not.
Gujarati syntax:-
Aa kevo bhavya mahel che..!
Aa kevi sundar savar che..!
Aa maja drashya che..!
English syntax:-
What a beautiful scene is this..!
What a lovely picture..!
What a magnificent palace is this..!
So in this way after looked upon the challenges and problems in learning English language multilingual classroom let's turn to think on the effects on students of multiculturalism or multisocialism in classroom during language learning.
Multiculturalism or multisocialism:-
Each language shows it's user's social tequireme,rituals, religious, sentiments,emotions, cultural heritage and so that's why it is rightly quoted that,
"Language are the expressive dimension."
If a person know more than one society or culture then he can communicate with same sign I finance during teaching of learning English language as L2 second language there are so many possible challenges are before a teacher. And out of them multiculturalism or multisocialism is one.students are come from different social environment in our classrooms, they also differ from each other in the matter of social,emotional, cultural, economical, regional etc..their understanding, meditative attitude and mentally social requirements are mostly differ from each other. To teach such types of multisocial and multicultural Indian students is become a challenge for teachers.
Issues involved in a multicultural or multisocial classrooms or differences in social cultural classrooms:-
In this multisocial classrooms some rural or some semirural or some urban students studies sitting with each other. In each environment some students of English language reading and writing are clever and talented but due to lack of proper atmosphere they can't communicate in English and other and having different sociocultural background they can't even match with students.
Gap between kinship terms:-
In Indian language and English language we can find some differences in relatively nouns. In indian family we call each relatives differently while in English this can not be find.
For example:-
Gujrati language-Mama Mami
Kaka Kaki
Dada Dadi
Nana Nani
Bhai Bhabhi
Hindi language-Mama Mami
Chacha Chachi
Dada Dadi
Nana Nani
English language-Uncle Aunty
Uncle Aunty for kaka kaki
GrandMother Grandfather
Gap in pronominal structure inter personal relations:-
"Every language has its unique system of linguistic etiquettes and formalities."
Our Indian language also follow some rules to show interpersonal relationship.
Here plural forms means Bahuvachan is used to show feelings towards someone.
Especially if he is elder or older or unknown or has special position or special stage.
Such as Lata Mangeshkar ek pratishthit gayakkaar che. Temne sangit khetra ma potanu aagvu yogdaan apyu che.
While in English no such courses are use to show respects. That's why may be sometimes students uses he or she instead of they for olders too.
Pronominal structure interpersonal relations:-
English-I or We
You or You
He She It
This or These
That or Those
Gujarati-Hu Ame
Tu Tame
Te
Teni Teo
Aa
Pelu Peli
By above table we can see that in Indian language second person pronounce has different forms while in English language we can't find the same.
Let's see some of the suggestions to face challenges of multilingual and multisocial or multicultural classrooms:-
Language structure should have varietal personality and his way of teaching should be new and fresh it's even important.
The teaching learning process in English should be more interactive and communicative in which students should be equal participants.
To level or rather decrese the effects of multiculturalism and multisocialism in classrooms English language teacher should be inspires to students for participants in classrooms activities.
English language teacher should not only concerns with chalk and talk method in classrooms but with that he also should use various initiative teaching methods.
In language learning classrooms with the method of teaching learning theory teacher should be enough basic on listening speaking activities more.
Learners of English language can also get the opportunities of oral work in classrooms and out of the classrooms and such responsibilities teach should handel.
In classrooms students can get enough chance of listening and thinking particular answer and also do different activities and answering it well and on for that teacher should plan accordingly.
English classrooms should be more interactive. If English language teacher can creates such atmosphere for students to communicate in English. And take part in classrooms activities without any shy or hesitation.
English language teacher should be plan for such classrooms activities in which more and more refrences,authentical material and various related specimens from different literature can be provided to the students and by that they can part in maximum activities and that English language more and more.
Factors affecting acquisition of second language:-
Inputs-Result
Language evidences
Provided time for education
Quality
Teaching aids
Characteristics-Student's age
First language is knowledge
Different capacity
Personality
Social factors
Sum up,attempts to reach upto the meaning in their inter communication.
Conclusion:-
Multilingualistic and multisocialism and multiculturalism is one of the most effected problem of English language education in classrooms and outside.and special in indian countries where such social culture geometric regional and some other versatality are based to control for english language teacher.but yet,by understanding classroom's atmosphere and changing it accordingly.with the changing of his own teaching methods by including some different ideas and techniques being a english language teacher such obstacles or challenge solve at some major points and can make english language teaching effective.

Responce on To The Light House

Resected Sir,

Here below is my response on To The Light House by Virginia Woolf.

1)To The Light House by Virginia Woolf has a good & interesting content or impact to present. Mostly time demands something from us but Virginia Woolf herself expected something from her time.rigidity of Victorian time came in her life as she was born on that time but as a modernist writer she thrown out that at all & her that mentality may continued in her this present work also where she focused on the very sentimental issue of our life-Matter of each other's bonding & way of dealing with them.apart from some restrictions of thinking there was also flow of conscious mentality from where may be Woolf got ideas to speak on the inner side of human relationships.

The technique of Stream Of Consciousness very well narrated by Woolf here.may be from her own life experiences she put some glimpse in the present work also. Minds of human beings & ways to look at them is mainly tries to point out here.to highlight the personality of her character she may be used such techniques & it even works with the moving actions of the novel where being a female she can highlighted her other female characters & give us chance to think on them individually.

2)To The Light House if we tries to see & observes then it has various ways,out of the content with using our mentality what we understand is matter here. But out of two point on Mrs. Ramsey's character about the novel's consideration as her Tribute or Critique then i would go for the second where Mrs. Ramsey from very initial part of the novel comes as the worker of home where she serves her family & tries till the end to maintain relationships but behind that whatever hidden is Woolf tries to reflect here.apart from such responsibilities one must has to think about self identity.

"This is my house & I am controller."

Such dialogue from Mrs. Ramsey's side shows her self desire to served her husband & other family member instead of doing forcefully to pampered anyone.

Lily Briscoe tries to question or remove the illusion that Mrs. Ramsey possesses throughout her life.

Through her deeds & innocent nature may be she remains in the minds of others but except that she may be considered as the mouthpiece of Woolf herself. Lily remains as a supportive character of Mrs.Ramsey where she highlighted the personality of Mrs. Ramsey & tries to produce sounds in her.

So i think it all should be for Critique Mrs.Ramsey's character with adaption of Woolf's personal life experiences.Tribute can be there if Mrs. Ramsey can get or think some space to present her voice till the end of the life except preferred to remain ideal woman only

3)Mrs.Ramsey & Lily Briscoe both stands or represents for the symbol of The Light House.

Light House that shows or suggests path or direction to go exact or proper destination signifies here two prominent character of the novel.

Mrs. Ramsey who served her family & other human relationships throughout her life without thinking about her self identity. She lightened her family during her presence but when she died it reflected something different that may change her role now where she very proudly & honestly had considered as The Bridge to connect the family members same Mrs. Ramsey being Over Dose of her family members under the light of her care & innocent,selfless presence. Yet at some how she remains live in the mind of her close members through her such incredible dedication for them also.

Lily Briscoe another character who can also considered symbolically as The Light House here for Mrs. Ramsay where she herself indirectly confessed something that she felt during her life only & she attempted to keep away Mrs. Ramsey to be the same victim of that.

"I Love Loneliness."(Lily Briscoe)

"I Fear Loneliness."(Mrs.Ramsey)

Above mentioned dialogues shows the distance of thinking in both & Woolf through the character of Lily tries to decrease this & make aware at last to Mrs. Ramsey for her rights & just for self.

4)I think words can lasts in our mind than the visual images because words that we read are better reflection than the images or scenes that we generally see during watching the movies as we look at the words first & then we read it & then we tries to interpret it with using our possible skills & mentality.so here also i would say that the film adaption of the novel directed by Cain Gergee has less impact to carry or left than the literary work itself.

Literary art also gives us scope to think something & this thinking always leads us to develop or increase our level of understanding. No doubt screening has also the same power & being a part of digital time i am not condemning it but i think it has some limitations in compare to the literary art or text such as it may not give everyone scope to think rapidly as scenes are going on,by reversing also it may loss its charm to convey something & it that's why only can be possible through reading the text.

To focus on the present work To The Light House i would say that i also enjoyed the screening but i would give preference to the text as i personally feel the joy of reading the text that gives me more better chance & scope to open up the windows of thinking outside as well as inner side of the human world in context of human relationships with various perspectives.

Thank You.

Movie review on Midnight's Children

Here is My review on The Movie 'Midnight's Children':-
For pleasure,for passing time if we are enjoining movies, so it's a sign of our fixed mentality. Except this aim of entertainment only, one should go beyond to look at the deeper or another side of the movies. If we are considering literature as a part or mirror of the society then it's obviously affect surroundings, out of them movies are also in a queue to notice. It's a medium to look at the society & for that one can use literature to support it well.
Let's see review of the movie Midnight's Children:-
Brief about the movie:-
Midnight's Children is (Novel) published in 1981 written by Salman Rushdie & directed (Movie) by Deepa Mehta release in 2013.
"One will can't remain as he is.."
One or another way, in our life circumstances always play it's role. It's tries to narrate in this work here.
*Historical Facts
*Magical Influence
*Identity Issues
Let's go on it one by one.
Historical Children:-
Midnight's Children,the movie shows the covered incidents of the past.very initially it focuses on the two children who born at the midnight when India got its independence from British.
Saleem & Shiva two boys born on that midnight & due to circumstances whatever they were, that's not remain as if at the end.
Partition of India also parted two children's destiny from where they were.power works on other & issues started to happen.
This partition issues also look towards the humanity of http://us.in fact,it arises question on it.apart from religion & such mindset or mental construction one should go beyond towards humanity that matters actually.
Magical Influence:-
How magic, beliefs & such superstitious works to build or develop our mentality is a point to look at here.Deepa Mehta tries to depict some megical aspects to make the story flowing but it's can't from my side get the surprising impression that it actually demands for.
Parvati's trick to save Saleem from the hardship he had face through magic is sounds quite unnecessary as well as dull.
Identity Issues:-
The most & very prominent point to highlight throughout the work is Identity.
"From where I am..?"
It's remains the central question of the movie & it points at the Colonial study as well.
Fro entire movie, if i tries to find out some incidents or highlightments that signs towards such issues,so I can say that:
When just because of circumstances,Saleem & Shiva were exchange & they diverted from their born destiny to the present one & how power remain in the center to catch our attraction as well as awareness towards such characters & their position through the movie is important even.
How Shiva governed through power & use it on Saleem who one had such significance to deal.Some soliloquies of Saleem also focuses on the same.
Poverty turns to richness & richness to poverty.
At the end, i would say that just because of power structure & circumstantial mindset one forces to do some act accordingly & that's play a vital role to perform throughout the life & lasts until the end along with question on 'Belongingness'.
To add something here, as a part of my review on the movie i would say that it's a good movie,no doubt that deals with ever time concerned issues of identity yet through some scenes it looks boring to continue it repeatedly.age gape is good but there are also some distances remain that may not looks appropriate.apart from identity or post colonial view,if one has no more idea of post colonial study so he or she may only enjoy it by keeping mind the concept of Historical facts or events.so highlightment of decided theme may signify less here according to me.
Thank You.

Movie review on The Reluctant Fundamentalist

Here is My review on The movie 'The Reluctant Fundamentalist':-
Literature is considered as the mirror image of the society. Some mediums are uses to deal with various surrounding issues of the society & Movies are the best & effective way to deal the same.through entertainment one can get opportunity to go through the serious decision of particular time.
Let's glimpse on the movie review of The Reluctant Fundamentalist:-
Brief about the movie:-
The Reluctant Fundamentalist the movie is a Novel written in (2007) by Mohsin Hamid & directed in (2012) by Mira Nair.
It's about American craze & it's outcome. Perspective towards each other matters more when we have some rigidity to deal with. How our dreams & attraction may falls down sometimes due to less sense of dealing or adjusting. Here is a story of the 9/11 attack & behind that a young Pakistani boy Changez Khan framed very well throughout the entire movie.
Changez Khan though being a Pakistani,he had dreams of American culture, American living & it's Economy. From the very beginning of the movie, he comes as a crazy guy who had great attraction towards America & with the passing of time his destiny could not demand for more time & work & he rewarded by high level position of his working company.success & fate went side by side for him but as we know all that attraction falls a day.one should always have some sense of reality that works exactly behind our iillusions of mind.
How to get personality Changez had to suffer & what time & circumstances or i can say the located system of that time demands for is quite eye catchy point to notice.
To depart from his girlfriend is also at some point throws light on the actual mindset of http://them.to aware about the identity of Changez whoever he was how his depart scene was narrated is quite enough to point out.
Police system that behaved with Changez also shows the hardship of Pakistani & other community from Americans that victimizes still today. Even look of people also looks as some doubts & forces it us to prove it against them loyal.
When Changez return back to Pakistan & narrated his journey with a journalist is quite enough to look at the entire depiction of the movie in short.
Even there also he had to prove his identity through he was merely a dreamer of another community or part of people to be something or develop self as well.
Looks can be betrayal.
Above is the main thing to deal with the central concept of the movie here.
Looks as outer, physical structure & same as perspective,inner sight to look the outer scene.
In short, it's all about th study of post colonialism where the hero of the movie, Changez has to suffer a lot due to having American rush or craze & at every stage of his life he had to pay precious cost for that. If we Indians has some mean perspective towards outer community so there may be possibilities that there should also some goodness behind our thinking towards them & they may also has some suffers from the outer side. Even to fulfill dreams & life desires when one has to suffer more than it demands then it matters a http://lot.at the end to get even name & identity Changez had to fight within his dreams & hopes.
Being a reviewer i would say that,its good to deal with such movie depiction where one can rise voice against such particular community incidents or by using it as a medium of social reformation as well as entertainment that always demands hasty price to fulfill or even just chasing our dreams & desires according to our preferables & Mira Nair succeedes to portrays it quite well.
Its also suggests us to be aware from such reality that ultimately points out the concept of the movie:-
Looks can be betrayal.
Thank You.

English for Science & Technology

Hello Everyone,
Here is my interpretation on the article Teaching Of EST in Indian Conditions:-
EST:-English for Science & Technology
If one simply tries to bird viewing on the title of the present article he or she may come to know that it's a point that shows something about English language particularly for Science & Technology students.
Why such part is necessary to identity apart from general or basic English students first of all some may have question here.as R.S.Sharma tries to differentiate the slight line or changes between that two & needs & limitations that it accrued.let's see it in detail.
Methods or techniques of teaching English language to Science & Technology students is here comes as a point to discuss.
Methods that we used to learn as a English student is quite different from the students of Science & Technology.as it has some differences in subject matter & content.
Mostly it happens that material that provides to Science & Technology students are prepared by Foreign Authors.it may be beyond an average.Their perceptions & mind set plus way of dealing with one or another subject is obviously differ from our Indian author's publications as well as additions.it definitely hard to understand properly for Indian students & specially Science & Technology students.
So material that provides to Science & Technology students should be relevant to the content so students can easily grasp the exact meaning through it.
Teacher should have sources of require content based information. So that Science & Technology students can be clear for their content.as they have to learn various experiments & scientific methods they should have enough & co related teaching style grasped teachers specially in English language.
Relevant materials & methods helps such particular field students to turn their questions & doubts into some positive feedbacks.
English for Science & Technology students is sometimes take as a fun as they are good in their own particular group subjects but many out of them have queries & difficulties in English language & to deal with it as study subject specially.
(Image that I mentioned is just a glimpse of that regards)
Thank You.

English for Acedamic Purpose

Hello Everyone, Here is my interpretation on the Research work "English for Academic Purposes"by Liz Hamp-Lyons
What is EAP..?
EAP is not only a teaching approach but it's also a branch of applied linguistics consisting of a significant body of research into effective teaching & assessment approaches, methods of analysis of the academic language needs of students, analysis of the linguistic & discoursal structures of academic texts & analysis of the textual practices of academics.
EAP is an educational approach & a set of beliefs about TESOL(Teaching English to the Speakers of Other Languages) that is unlike that in general English courses & textbooks.
Background:-
The term EAP came into use through The British Organization SELMOUS(special English language materials for overseas university students) in 1972.Strevens saw EAP as a branch of the larger field of ESP(English for Special or Specific Purposes). EAP focus on Reading & Writing while General English focus on Speaking & Listening.
In discussing ESP & EAP Strevens argued that courses can be specific in four ways:-
By restricting the language taught to only those skills which are required for learner's immediate purpose
By selecting from the language only those items of vocabulary, grammar patterns & linguistic functions for the same purpose
By including only topics,themes & discourse contexts that are relevant to the learner's needs
By addressing those communicative needs that relate to his purpose
Jordan(1997) offers a useful & comprehensive overview of practice in EAP.
Needs Analysis:-
It is fundamental to an EAP approach to course design & teaching.
The language is attended to at the levels of:-
Register:-Lexical & grammatical features
Discourse:-The effect of communicative context,the relationship between text & its speakers
Genre:-How language is used in particular setting
Research:-
The first major study in this area was Geoghegan(1983).
Research in this area attends to affect how students feel about their study experiences, it also includes studies pointing out differences between student's wants & expectations.there is also significant research into the assessment of EAP by the British Council for the Associated Examining Board on TEAP(Teaching English for Academic Purposes).
Practice:-
Materials design & development
Attracts the best English language teachers
A concern with literacy dominates the literature & the terminology of academic skills development (in USA).
Current & future trends & directions:-
The term Academic Literacy has come to be applied to the complex set of skills which are increasingly argued to be vital underpinnings to the cultural knowledge required for success in academic communities from elementary school on.
The discourse of academic literacy is more usually found outside TESOL.
Conclusion:-
EAP is a thriving & important aspect of TESOL.
Its greatest strength is its responsiveness to the needs of the learners but its greatest weakness also the same that making many of its solutions highly contextual & of doubtful transferability.
Thank You.

English for Specific Purposes

Hello Everyone, Here is my interpretation on the Research work of Tony Dudley-Evans on English for Specific Purposes:-
English for specific purposes ESP has for about 30 years been a separate branch of English language teaching. ESP has always seen itself as materials-driven & as a classroom-based activity concerned with practical outcomes. It deals with teaching, material production & text analysis.
Background:-
Key defining features of ESP
Its teaching & materials are founded on the results of needs analysis
In EAP one can be more precise about learner's needs where it defined by a learning or occupational situation
Robinson in her first overview of ESP suggested that limited duration & adult learners are defining features of ESP courses
It target to intermediate or advanced students of English but for beginners only
It may be designed for specific disciplines or profession
The ESP teacher needs to bear in mind & exploit possible specific knowledge that leads to classroom interaction & teaching methodology
ESP materials will always draw on the topics & activities of specific purposes
Classification:-
ESP is usually classified into two main categories:-
EAP academic (eeducational context)
EOP occupational (professional purposes)
The biggest branch of EOP is Business English
Dudley-Evans & St John (1998) drawing on an idea from George Blue to make a distinction between English for general academic purposes ( EGAP) & English for specific academic purposes (ESAP) & similar distinction can be made between English for general business purposes ( EGBP) & English for specific business purposes ( ESBP)
In the USA it called Content based instruction (CBI)
(Separate from ESP)
EST is a branch of EAP that used when most EAP teaching was for students of engineering & science.
In USA,EVP(English for vocational purposes) is frequently used for teaching English for specific tredes or vocations.it sub divided into vocational English & pre- vocational English
Research:-
Beyond needs analysis
The initial needs analysis provides information about the target situation, what learners will have to do in English & the skills & language needed.this is generally called Target situation analysis.(Chambers 1980)
Needs analysis will always be the first step for ESP,it involves the most detailed analysis
It has been increasing emphasis on investigating some additional factors.
Information about the learners
Particular level in English language
Awareness in language
Skills needed
Learner's perception of needs
Learning situation analysis:-
The investigation of subjectivity felt needs,as opposed to the objective needs established by target situation analysis.
Present situation analysis:-
The investigation of learner's weaknesses or lacks.
Means analysis:-
Analysis of the learning situation within the teaching institution or company.
The need for text analysis:-
What the learner has to produce & understand is considers to identify the text's key features & devices teaching materials that will enable them to use the text effectively.
Analysis of scientific & technical text leads to material production(Lackstrom 1973)
Category of learner's is quite important here.
ESP school is considering higher level issues where research using corpora & concordancing techniques that linked genre analysis with phraseological studies.
Concern with the discourse community's work is also characteristics of the teaching of business english that is the current growth area in ESP.
Practice:-
Hamp-Lynos discusses a number of coursebooks in EAP
In EOP,St.John discusses various types of material that has brief description of key coursebooks
Research work in gener analysis is beginning to generate textbooks applying its findings to the teaching of academic writing.
Current & future trends & directions:-
Learner's background & the effort of the environment in which they use English.
This leads to an increased awareness of the importance of cross cultural issues & a shift towards further research in this area.
Future analysis has two directions:-
Concern with the broader picture of how discourse communities work & the role that the text plays within them
Specific concern will be used to investigate the phreseology of particulat specialist genres in specialist disciplines & professions.
ESP should develop an awareness in ESP students of how they can assert their rights.
Thank You.

As per my understanding here is my interpretation on mentioned Poems.

«  Modern Literature:-

During Modern time community living turns to individual freedom.

Men started to think psychologically,their mind set started to changing.

Due to limitations of thinking Hardy's novel or his character Tess was questioned.

Act of God verses Scientific deal.

There are Watchwords:-Examine,Question & Test.

Barnad Shaw rightly told:-Introgative habit of mind develop during the time.

Social concerns are in the centre. Breaking down the traditional ways of presentation.

It is all about Common Men's Century.

Yet there was feelings of suffocation as quest to choose culture.

Attitude of that time was highly frustrated due to mental & moral fight between two.

Mechanism is matter here. (The Quality by Galsworthy)

It demands for high level understanding.

Avantgarde-new way of expression through writing style.

Orthodox comes when new comes.

Read between the lines is more important here to deal with.

«  Instead of Golden time there was hardships.

Brightness replaced with something else.

"In comfort lie" make comfortable

Request to God to fights against life.

«  A star no longer,but a silver ribbon of light.

I look at it & pass on.

Indication towards the changing mindset of present time.

One day there was trand to compare shines of stars with success & moral values of human being.

But to pass it on,just a silver ribbon of light points out at the constructing interpretations of present time in comparison to the past.

«  The Fire Sermon in The Waste Land has theme of human mind's particular desire & hopes that all wish mixed into ashes a day but yet men's greeds can't prevent them to occur hopes & necessary desires.

(During to a chaste white moon)

Loneliness & draught shows the ultimate feedback from that.

«  Faces in the crowd shows the quest of individual in between the hardship.

Metro pointed out the city life image & it's deep routed so called mentality towards each other.

Nothingness is all about here.

«  The pool pointed out may be on death of someone who hanged or tried suicide as it narrated in it,according to first readings.

But it has something deeper.

The earth is round everything that goes definitely comes next.

Idea or philosophy of Rebirth is lightened here.

«  I make for myself little poems,Delicate as a flock of doves this lines shows or signs towards the intention of poet to write on the strength of human minds as well as the actual aspects that forces us to use it surely.

They fly away like while winged.shows the distance relationships between the classes. With some juxtaposition the poet tried to highlight the gape between two society & the prominence of one's own strength.

The actual face of nature attracts to look upon.

«  It is merely an imagination work by Eliot.

Poverty & suffering situation of a class that face difficulties to even survive in the present time.

Ideal balance between feelings & thoughts.

Situation of a class between elite.

«  Experimental work by poet.

It narrates lack of punctuation.

How one idea & thought make comparison between two & be responsible for breaking horizon.

Glazed with rain water shows the constructive mindset of the poet.

«  Poet's preoccupation with surface.

Authority matters when power or high culture sounds.

The placement of a jar - dual base to look at the jar

It ultimately shows the cultural follies.

«  How man has desire to get something without cost & what possibilities can happen as a result is highlighted.

Greenery is in contrast to the present empty one.

Symbolically the actual rule of nature that one must follow

Pride & fall - statue in Hamlet

Eliot`s The Waste Land.

Respected Sir,

Here below i tries to present my understanding regarding the above mentioned questions.

"The Waste Land" by T.S.Eliot has clear cut image of 20th century's Waste landers.As Eliot mainly focus on the highlightments of that time.Let's see how it is mentioned in it through discussion.

1)Views of Friedrich Nietzsche & T S Eliot on way of dealing with problems.

As Nietzsche strongly believed in Forward Looking. While Eliot believed regressively to come out from difficulties.

According to Nietzsche One should has such inner as well as outer power that can be enough able to face any hardship or obstacles single handedly. Solutions of any problem is in Faith or Self.Only self power help to make our personality unique. We should have some extraordinary skills to deal with suffering. For that one should have wider sight to look towards problems. Nietzsche had such sense of higher thinking than Eliot.

On the other side, Eliot thought that Malaise can solve through Upanishads, Buddhism & Christianity.

He had Backward looking perspective to fight against situation. For that he turned towards Past.He believed that past has everything to give us.

We make some rituals first then next generation when starting to question our rituals then we tries to connect it with myths after that from such new generations some day one person comes & tries to use his/her art & ability to focus on such rituals based myths & then it can be formed & from then onwards people started believing & it shaped universally with the passing of time.

"The Waste Land" has such image to point out.As Eliot tries to show the reality of 20th century,he attempted to be suggestive path to point out follies of that time.To come out from difficulties he choose the medium of past.for reconstruction of society he focus on the past.from past he wanted to get solutions is quite regressive yet it is appealing universally.

So both are right in their own point but i would like to go with Eliot as he has direction to solve problems from our roots only & it aimed to reconstruction of moral values that society possess.

2)Views of Sigmund Fraud & T S Eliot on Primitive instinct & Cultural preservation.

According to Fraud Primitive instinct leads us to happy & satisfied life. While Eliot believed that salvation of man lies in the preservation of the cultural tradition.

Fraud argued that freedom has scope to live life with enjoyment or live it with enough satisfaction. But when it goes beyond to it, it may hard to control afterwards. It may mislead too.

eg:-Industrialism

Industrial aspects are permitted to develop our growth or economy. It provides us all possible-require facilities.but when it turns to hardships of survive in competitive world.Pollution that grows due to such industrial development.

Same way in The Waste Land how sexual perversion referred & it's outcome Eliot tries to point out is important here.

Eliot tries to reconstruct the society for that he suggested to acquire limited freedom. Faith in God is more important to lead towards it.Cultural traditions are the best way to deal with such possibilities of society that happens due to our sense of attitude of living. To be free from sexual degradation he choose the path of spirituality. Even at least one can control self from such affected situation.

Overall Eliot stands for spiritual way to make ideal society.

3)The Waste Land has immense & appropriate use of Indian philosophy & references.

From different myths & sources Eliot tries to show the way of dealing with situation that demands for enough understanding.References from myths indicates that for getting solutions Eliot turned towards Indian philosophy.

Let's see some glimpse of that from The Waste Land.

Eliot ultimately aimed to focus on Indian spirituality as well as for that he take support of Christianity,Buddhism & Hinduism. Upnishad & reference from different myth shows it well.

The Fire Sermon part reflect Buddhism.

Aditya Pariyaya Sutra also referred Buddhism here.

Everything burns according to Eliot as man has feelings of lust & desire.

Man with three staves signs towards our Lord Shiva. No doubt it deals with Anti religious aspects yet sources are from Greek or Indian myths within.(Image of Madam Sosostris)

What the thunder said has storyline from Upnishad of Prajapati.

'Garden Frosty'shows connection with Christianity.

Searching of river signs for third person's serach.everything is dry but God has power to convert it.Glory of God as a third person during loneliness of human being attracts here.water comes as Anti fire to actually focus on the presence of God.

Holy Grail reference also shows Christian aspects.

Buddha's prayer with St.Augustana shows one's own power matter a lot instead of supporting on other.

Request for solving problems & believe in self strength is quite notably painted here.

Da-Datta giver

Dayadhvam-Compasion

Damyata-Control

Above three words mentioned from Brihadaryaka Upanishad.

Balance of that three aspects can settle our life.

'Beauty burn when Heart is purify.'

Eliot has power to be representative for past,present & future also.

Last word Shantih shows the peace with all understanding.

It itself points the way of fulfilling intention to make society better or to at least make aware or build moral values. Answer of question at the end he get from such relevant as well as prominent sources.

Thank You.

My views on Deconstruction.

Respected Sir,
According to Derrida, The term Deconstruction is hard to define as it has no exact meaning at all.
Deconstruction is not a destructive activity means it is not a breaking down something for sake of  destruction. But it is an inquiry into the conditions, foundations, causes of intellectual system.
Post structuralism is a term that derived from the philosophy.it's an inquiry into the functions of everything.
Past Structuralism has the power to read the text against itself. Post structuralist expose textual subconscious where meanings are mostly expressed that directly opposite to its basic one. It has aim to be certain to the surface features of the words for giving entire meaning to the word.any literary text has disunity rather than unity to display. Through the analysis of any particular passage. It can provides multiplicities of the meaning to the language.secretly or in a hidden way whatever in the text that can be repressed or passed over also noted here.breaks between the lines is mentioned.
In short post structuralist mainly give attention on the center.
Word Soul & Sole (pronunciation may creates disturbances)
Context is play a vital role here,as through it only one evaluate a texts.
So way to look at the text having various perspective is main concern here.
Same text get different views as it analyse by different minds having various perspectives.
Gujarati Movie Chello Divas:-
If i take for an example here then i would say that as i think it is quite entertaining one. Pure light pleasure it aims to present.
But some may also considered it as the satire or vulgarity too.satire in the sense that how student life represented in it.& on the other side,through some dialogues how vulgarity & mean narration is depicted in it.
Another is Red Chief Shoes television advertisement:-Tag line itself here has some complication as i think.
"Jutoon Me Mard"
What it try to mean...?

Thank you.

Being a structuralist critic here is My analysis of the Structuralist method.

Structuralism is generally defined as the perspective of evaluating of individual human minds. Same idea if we apply on any literary text so we can say that it is a one type of critical view point of our interpretations towards any particular literary text.As we know all that entire meaning of the text is always should be in the context itself instead of words and in a real sense this is called criticism.
Structuralist critics (Like:-Gerald Genette, Ferdinand Saussure, Roland Barthers, Claude Lavi-Strauss) contributed the field of structuralism through their ideas very well. According to them there is always similarity one can find in the construction method of any literary art.keeping in mind the approach of structuralism if we can see that many of our Bollywood movies and some serials have such pattern. There are mostly three divisions in which entire content take place. There are starting, middle and the end.I would say here about a famous social awareness theme based T.V. show named "Saavdhan India fights back" has the same idea to present in a sequence.No doubt, there is long duration of that but yet it strictly follow the pattern of three-beginning, middle and the end. In a very smooth yet interestingly it can expresses its content with using sequence of that three parts. Of course,it has also the use of versatility in presenting the content in that order its equally notable here.
If we turn now on to the movies then even we come across the same method. As we can see that having the idea of Love or Death it occurs in different way every time. Many examples of Hindi movies has such ideas but it always has the difference to present.some times circumstances or sometimes fate works here and that differs one from another.Ultimately there will be always contrast from both sides through it has the same concepts to present.
Movies:-Jane tu yaa jane naa is in contrast to Main prem ki deewani hoon.
At last i would say that there is a single concept in a various forms with different presenting way.

Thank You.

Chhello Divas Gujarati Movie

Hello,Here i would like to share my views regarding the Gujarati Movie Chhello Divas. After read comments on the same movie by Illiyas shaikh & Sharif vijaliwala,i would say that movie is mostly for getting relaxation or entertainment instead of morality or such values. Movies are basically for pleasing & refreshment. If one says that movies are for such moral values, it should be for preaching something. Then it will definitely questioned that then why some particular theme based movies can't get required or rather enough response..? For example:-Many patriotic movies gets very limited feedbacks from other side.if one says that movies are the sources of awakening or suggesting something then why from such stronge themes can't gets response..? Or can't get even more effects?Rajniti,Border & Nayak etc..are such examples here.out of that movies i would say here about movie Nayak that how reality is differ from the theme of the present movie. Is anyone today who serves or be on duty for 24hours.?No doubt, movies can affect at some point on us through its aim of entertainment but it can't fully gives particular values to follow for betterment & all that. If i talk about Gujarati movies, then even we can say that movies are for pure refreshment from heavy burden instead of morality. In Gujarati movies also we can see that there is only one intention to please us. Maa Baap ne bhulsho nahi movie has the tone of the importance of parents in our family & life apart from the real intention of entertainment. So here if we connect movie as a medium of moral teaching then we should not ignore that still there are so many cases of Old Age Home are here. No notable effect are there particularly. No doubt movies can affect the minds of audience but it is just for the means of entertainment no any more concerns are relates with it. At last i would say that Chhello Divas movie has the image of merely comic elements instead of any reality based theme. Scene of students & principal is not for criticising or even not for point out on any reality its just for comic relief like many other  scene of the same movie. Connect movies with any reality or moral values is not a good sign to judge it properly .it only should for entertainment.In a limited time it should purely delivered pleasure & relaxation to our tired minds.

Antar No Abalkho written by me.

Respected Sir,

Analysis of myself written Gujarati poem with the help of I.A.Richards`s figurative language:-

Title:­-Antar No Abalkho

Kali aa nisha ma tarla no chamkaro,

Jane gheraeli nirasha ma yaad no palkaro.

Khichokhich vant ma ekant no isharo,

Jane khalipa ni jaga ma koi no saharo.

Vagoline bharela harday na vicharo,

Jane antar na virah no kaymi sathvaro.

Bas…vidhata no amulay pitaro,

Jane nij ma samavi levano irado.

Here above mentioned poem throws light with some particular techniques of written expression of one’s own feelings or desires. In very short structure , it can presents a vital idea. Use of paradox, metaphors and visual image also well depicted in this poem and that’s why at the end of the poem gets clear image at all.

From starting to the end tries to express views or rather sentiments with the use of metaphors like very first two lines of the poem shows that in a dark night when star brightened on the entire sky like that when one is in disappointment someone’s reminding pops up his or her mind and remove the darkness of disappointment.

Next two lines have the tone of paradox as in these lines there is a way having crowd of people yet same here a sign of loneliness that intentionally tries to shows the support of someone in a lonely place.  Ultimately it’s an attempt to show one’s presence in even loneliness.

Second last two lines shows  internal  thoughts that one possesses in his or her heart that metaphorically gives company to one’s internal emotional sentiment through such support it’s aim to show the feeling of relief from self sadness that one has in heart.

Visual image of gods precious gift reffered in last two lines. As the word, “ Vidhta no amulya pitaro” mentioned here that intentionally ends with the poem’s real end.  Ultimate desire of getting or rather try to get that valuable treasure of god.

At the end of my analysis I would say that from beginning to the end there is a image of one or another problem but with having some enough relaxment or rather solution to get concern from one or another way that finally ends with one desire or intension of getting god precious treasure with all above relaxtation of different human emotions.