English for Specific Purposes

Hello Everyone, Here is my interpretation on the Research work of Tony Dudley-Evans on English for Specific Purposes:-
English for specific purposes ESP has for about 30 years been a separate branch of English language teaching. ESP has always seen itself as materials-driven & as a classroom-based activity concerned with practical outcomes. It deals with teaching, material production & text analysis.
Background:-
Key defining features of ESP
Its teaching & materials are founded on the results of needs analysis
In EAP one can be more precise about learner's needs where it defined by a learning or occupational situation
Robinson in her first overview of ESP suggested that limited duration & adult learners are defining features of ESP courses
It target to intermediate or advanced students of English but for beginners only
It may be designed for specific disciplines or profession
The ESP teacher needs to bear in mind & exploit possible specific knowledge that leads to classroom interaction & teaching methodology
ESP materials will always draw on the topics & activities of specific purposes
Classification:-
ESP is usually classified into two main categories:-
EAP academic (eeducational context)
EOP occupational (professional purposes)
The biggest branch of EOP is Business English
Dudley-Evans & St John (1998) drawing on an idea from George Blue to make a distinction between English for general academic purposes ( EGAP) & English for specific academic purposes (ESAP) & similar distinction can be made between English for general business purposes ( EGBP) & English for specific business purposes ( ESBP)
In the USA it called Content based instruction (CBI)
(Separate from ESP)
EST is a branch of EAP that used when most EAP teaching was for students of engineering & science.
In USA,EVP(English for vocational purposes) is frequently used for teaching English for specific tredes or vocations.it sub divided into vocational English & pre- vocational English
Research:-
Beyond needs analysis
The initial needs analysis provides information about the target situation, what learners will have to do in English & the skills & language needed.this is generally called Target situation analysis.(Chambers 1980)
Needs analysis will always be the first step for ESP,it involves the most detailed analysis
It has been increasing emphasis on investigating some additional factors.
Information about the learners
Particular level in English language
Awareness in language
Skills needed
Learner's perception of needs
Learning situation analysis:-
The investigation of subjectivity felt needs,as opposed to the objective needs established by target situation analysis.
Present situation analysis:-
The investigation of learner's weaknesses or lacks.
Means analysis:-
Analysis of the learning situation within the teaching institution or company.
The need for text analysis:-
What the learner has to produce & understand is considers to identify the text's key features & devices teaching materials that will enable them to use the text effectively.
Analysis of scientific & technical text leads to material production(Lackstrom 1973)
Category of learner's is quite important here.
ESP school is considering higher level issues where research using corpora & concordancing techniques that linked genre analysis with phraseological studies.
Concern with the discourse community's work is also characteristics of the teaching of business english that is the current growth area in ESP.
Practice:-
Hamp-Lynos discusses a number of coursebooks in EAP
In EOP,St.John discusses various types of material that has brief description of key coursebooks
Research work in gener analysis is beginning to generate textbooks applying its findings to the teaching of academic writing.
Current & future trends & directions:-
Learner's background & the effort of the environment in which they use English.
This leads to an increased awareness of the importance of cross cultural issues & a shift towards further research in this area.
Future analysis has two directions:-
Concern with the broader picture of how discourse communities work & the role that the text plays within them
Specific concern will be used to investigate the phreseology of particulat specialist genres in specialist disciplines & professions.
ESP should develop an awareness in ESP students of how they can assert their rights.
Thank You.

As per my understanding here is my interpretation on mentioned Poems.

«  Modern Literature:-

During Modern time community living turns to individual freedom.

Men started to think psychologically,their mind set started to changing.

Due to limitations of thinking Hardy's novel or his character Tess was questioned.

Act of God verses Scientific deal.

There are Watchwords:-Examine,Question & Test.

Barnad Shaw rightly told:-Introgative habit of mind develop during the time.

Social concerns are in the centre. Breaking down the traditional ways of presentation.

It is all about Common Men's Century.

Yet there was feelings of suffocation as quest to choose culture.

Attitude of that time was highly frustrated due to mental & moral fight between two.

Mechanism is matter here. (The Quality by Galsworthy)

It demands for high level understanding.

Avantgarde-new way of expression through writing style.

Orthodox comes when new comes.

Read between the lines is more important here to deal with.

«  Instead of Golden time there was hardships.

Brightness replaced with something else.

"In comfort lie" make comfortable

Request to God to fights against life.

«  A star no longer,but a silver ribbon of light.

I look at it & pass on.

Indication towards the changing mindset of present time.

One day there was trand to compare shines of stars with success & moral values of human being.

But to pass it on,just a silver ribbon of light points out at the constructing interpretations of present time in comparison to the past.

«  The Fire Sermon in The Waste Land has theme of human mind's particular desire & hopes that all wish mixed into ashes a day but yet men's greeds can't prevent them to occur hopes & necessary desires.

(During to a chaste white moon)

Loneliness & draught shows the ultimate feedback from that.

«  Faces in the crowd shows the quest of individual in between the hardship.

Metro pointed out the city life image & it's deep routed so called mentality towards each other.

Nothingness is all about here.

«  The pool pointed out may be on death of someone who hanged or tried suicide as it narrated in it,according to first readings.

But it has something deeper.

The earth is round everything that goes definitely comes next.

Idea or philosophy of Rebirth is lightened here.

«  I make for myself little poems,Delicate as a flock of doves this lines shows or signs towards the intention of poet to write on the strength of human minds as well as the actual aspects that forces us to use it surely.

They fly away like while winged.shows the distance relationships between the classes. With some juxtaposition the poet tried to highlight the gape between two society & the prominence of one's own strength.

The actual face of nature attracts to look upon.

«  It is merely an imagination work by Eliot.

Poverty & suffering situation of a class that face difficulties to even survive in the present time.

Ideal balance between feelings & thoughts.

Situation of a class between elite.

«  Experimental work by poet.

It narrates lack of punctuation.

How one idea & thought make comparison between two & be responsible for breaking horizon.

Glazed with rain water shows the constructive mindset of the poet.

«  Poet's preoccupation with surface.

Authority matters when power or high culture sounds.

The placement of a jar - dual base to look at the jar

It ultimately shows the cultural follies.

«  How man has desire to get something without cost & what possibilities can happen as a result is highlighted.

Greenery is in contrast to the present empty one.

Symbolically the actual rule of nature that one must follow

Pride & fall - statue in Hamlet

Eliot`s The Waste Land.

Respected Sir,

Here below i tries to present my understanding regarding the above mentioned questions.

"The Waste Land" by T.S.Eliot has clear cut image of 20th century's Waste landers.As Eliot mainly focus on the highlightments of that time.Let's see how it is mentioned in it through discussion.

1)Views of Friedrich Nietzsche & T S Eliot on way of dealing with problems.

As Nietzsche strongly believed in Forward Looking. While Eliot believed regressively to come out from difficulties.

According to Nietzsche One should has such inner as well as outer power that can be enough able to face any hardship or obstacles single handedly. Solutions of any problem is in Faith or Self.Only self power help to make our personality unique. We should have some extraordinary skills to deal with suffering. For that one should have wider sight to look towards problems. Nietzsche had such sense of higher thinking than Eliot.

On the other side, Eliot thought that Malaise can solve through Upanishads, Buddhism & Christianity.

He had Backward looking perspective to fight against situation. For that he turned towards Past.He believed that past has everything to give us.

We make some rituals first then next generation when starting to question our rituals then we tries to connect it with myths after that from such new generations some day one person comes & tries to use his/her art & ability to focus on such rituals based myths & then it can be formed & from then onwards people started believing & it shaped universally with the passing of time.

"The Waste Land" has such image to point out.As Eliot tries to show the reality of 20th century,he attempted to be suggestive path to point out follies of that time.To come out from difficulties he choose the medium of past.for reconstruction of society he focus on the past.from past he wanted to get solutions is quite regressive yet it is appealing universally.

So both are right in their own point but i would like to go with Eliot as he has direction to solve problems from our roots only & it aimed to reconstruction of moral values that society possess.

2)Views of Sigmund Fraud & T S Eliot on Primitive instinct & Cultural preservation.

According to Fraud Primitive instinct leads us to happy & satisfied life. While Eliot believed that salvation of man lies in the preservation of the cultural tradition.

Fraud argued that freedom has scope to live life with enjoyment or live it with enough satisfaction. But when it goes beyond to it, it may hard to control afterwards. It may mislead too.

eg:-Industrialism

Industrial aspects are permitted to develop our growth or economy. It provides us all possible-require facilities.but when it turns to hardships of survive in competitive world.Pollution that grows due to such industrial development.

Same way in The Waste Land how sexual perversion referred & it's outcome Eliot tries to point out is important here.

Eliot tries to reconstruct the society for that he suggested to acquire limited freedom. Faith in God is more important to lead towards it.Cultural traditions are the best way to deal with such possibilities of society that happens due to our sense of attitude of living. To be free from sexual degradation he choose the path of spirituality. Even at least one can control self from such affected situation.

Overall Eliot stands for spiritual way to make ideal society.

3)The Waste Land has immense & appropriate use of Indian philosophy & references.

From different myths & sources Eliot tries to show the way of dealing with situation that demands for enough understanding.References from myths indicates that for getting solutions Eliot turned towards Indian philosophy.

Let's see some glimpse of that from The Waste Land.

Eliot ultimately aimed to focus on Indian spirituality as well as for that he take support of Christianity,Buddhism & Hinduism. Upnishad & reference from different myth shows it well.

The Fire Sermon part reflect Buddhism.

Aditya Pariyaya Sutra also referred Buddhism here.

Everything burns according to Eliot as man has feelings of lust & desire.

Man with three staves signs towards our Lord Shiva. No doubt it deals with Anti religious aspects yet sources are from Greek or Indian myths within.(Image of Madam Sosostris)

What the thunder said has storyline from Upnishad of Prajapati.

'Garden Frosty'shows connection with Christianity.

Searching of river signs for third person's serach.everything is dry but God has power to convert it.Glory of God as a third person during loneliness of human being attracts here.water comes as Anti fire to actually focus on the presence of God.

Holy Grail reference also shows Christian aspects.

Buddha's prayer with St.Augustana shows one's own power matter a lot instead of supporting on other.

Request for solving problems & believe in self strength is quite notably painted here.

Da-Datta giver

Dayadhvam-Compasion

Damyata-Control

Above three words mentioned from Brihadaryaka Upanishad.

Balance of that three aspects can settle our life.

'Beauty burn when Heart is purify.'

Eliot has power to be representative for past,present & future also.

Last word Shantih shows the peace with all understanding.

It itself points the way of fulfilling intention to make society better or to at least make aware or build moral values. Answer of question at the end he get from such relevant as well as prominent sources.

Thank You.

My views on Deconstruction.

Respected Sir,
According to Derrida, The term Deconstruction is hard to define as it has no exact meaning at all.
Deconstruction is not a destructive activity means it is not a breaking down something for sake of  destruction. But it is an inquiry into the conditions, foundations, causes of intellectual system.
Post structuralism is a term that derived from the philosophy.it's an inquiry into the functions of everything.
Past Structuralism has the power to read the text against itself. Post structuralist expose textual subconscious where meanings are mostly expressed that directly opposite to its basic one. It has aim to be certain to the surface features of the words for giving entire meaning to the word.any literary text has disunity rather than unity to display. Through the analysis of any particular passage. It can provides multiplicities of the meaning to the language.secretly or in a hidden way whatever in the text that can be repressed or passed over also noted here.breaks between the lines is mentioned.
In short post structuralist mainly give attention on the center.
Word Soul & Sole (pronunciation may creates disturbances)
Context is play a vital role here,as through it only one evaluate a texts.
So way to look at the text having various perspective is main concern here.
Same text get different views as it analyse by different minds having various perspectives.
Gujarati Movie Chello Divas:-
If i take for an example here then i would say that as i think it is quite entertaining one. Pure light pleasure it aims to present.
But some may also considered it as the satire or vulgarity too.satire in the sense that how student life represented in it.& on the other side,through some dialogues how vulgarity & mean narration is depicted in it.
Another is Red Chief Shoes television advertisement:-Tag line itself here has some complication as i think.
"Jutoon Me Mard"
What it try to mean...?

Thank you.

Being a structuralist critic here is My analysis of the Structuralist method.

Structuralism is generally defined as the perspective of evaluating of individual human minds. Same idea if we apply on any literary text so we can say that it is a one type of critical view point of our interpretations towards any particular literary text.As we know all that entire meaning of the text is always should be in the context itself instead of words and in a real sense this is called criticism.
Structuralist critics (Like:-Gerald Genette, Ferdinand Saussure, Roland Barthers, Claude Lavi-Strauss) contributed the field of structuralism through their ideas very well. According to them there is always similarity one can find in the construction method of any literary art.keeping in mind the approach of structuralism if we can see that many of our Bollywood movies and some serials have such pattern. There are mostly three divisions in which entire content take place. There are starting, middle and the end.I would say here about a famous social awareness theme based T.V. show named "Saavdhan India fights back" has the same idea to present in a sequence.No doubt, there is long duration of that but yet it strictly follow the pattern of three-beginning, middle and the end. In a very smooth yet interestingly it can expresses its content with using sequence of that three parts. Of course,it has also the use of versatility in presenting the content in that order its equally notable here.
If we turn now on to the movies then even we come across the same method. As we can see that having the idea of Love or Death it occurs in different way every time. Many examples of Hindi movies has such ideas but it always has the difference to present.some times circumstances or sometimes fate works here and that differs one from another.Ultimately there will be always contrast from both sides through it has the same concepts to present.
Movies:-Jane tu yaa jane naa is in contrast to Main prem ki deewani hoon.
At last i would say that there is a single concept in a various forms with different presenting way.

Thank You.

Chhello Divas Gujarati Movie

Hello,Here i would like to share my views regarding the Gujarati Movie Chhello Divas. After read comments on the same movie by Illiyas shaikh & Sharif vijaliwala,i would say that movie is mostly for getting relaxation or entertainment instead of morality or such values. Movies are basically for pleasing & refreshment. If one says that movies are for such moral values, it should be for preaching something. Then it will definitely questioned that then why some particular theme based movies can't get required or rather enough response..? For example:-Many patriotic movies gets very limited feedbacks from other side.if one says that movies are the sources of awakening or suggesting something then why from such stronge themes can't gets response..? Or can't get even more effects?Rajniti,Border & Nayak etc..are such examples here.out of that movies i would say here about movie Nayak that how reality is differ from the theme of the present movie. Is anyone today who serves or be on duty for 24hours.?No doubt, movies can affect at some point on us through its aim of entertainment but it can't fully gives particular values to follow for betterment & all that. If i talk about Gujarati movies, then even we can say that movies are for pure refreshment from heavy burden instead of morality. In Gujarati movies also we can see that there is only one intention to please us. Maa Baap ne bhulsho nahi movie has the tone of the importance of parents in our family & life apart from the real intention of entertainment. So here if we connect movie as a medium of moral teaching then we should not ignore that still there are so many cases of Old Age Home are here. No notable effect are there particularly. No doubt movies can affect the minds of audience but it is just for the means of entertainment no any more concerns are relates with it. At last i would say that Chhello Divas movie has the image of merely comic elements instead of any reality based theme. Scene of students & principal is not for criticising or even not for point out on any reality its just for comic relief like many other  scene of the same movie. Connect movies with any reality or moral values is not a good sign to judge it properly .it only should for entertainment.In a limited time it should purely delivered pleasure & relaxation to our tired minds.

Antar No Abalkho written by me.

Respected Sir,

Analysis of myself written Gujarati poem with the help of I.A.Richards`s figurative language:-

Title:­-Antar No Abalkho

Kali aa nisha ma tarla no chamkaro,

Jane gheraeli nirasha ma yaad no palkaro.

Khichokhich vant ma ekant no isharo,

Jane khalipa ni jaga ma koi no saharo.

Vagoline bharela harday na vicharo,

Jane antar na virah no kaymi sathvaro.

Bas…vidhata no amulay pitaro,

Jane nij ma samavi levano irado.

Here above mentioned poem throws light with some particular techniques of written expression of one’s own feelings or desires. In very short structure , it can presents a vital idea. Use of paradox, metaphors and visual image also well depicted in this poem and that’s why at the end of the poem gets clear image at all.

From starting to the end tries to express views or rather sentiments with the use of metaphors like very first two lines of the poem shows that in a dark night when star brightened on the entire sky like that when one is in disappointment someone’s reminding pops up his or her mind and remove the darkness of disappointment.

Next two lines have the tone of paradox as in these lines there is a way having crowd of people yet same here a sign of loneliness that intentionally tries to shows the support of someone in a lonely place.  Ultimately it’s an attempt to show one’s presence in even loneliness.

Second last two lines shows  internal  thoughts that one possesses in his or her heart that metaphorically gives company to one’s internal emotional sentiment through such support it’s aim to show the feeling of relief from self sadness that one has in heart.

Visual image of gods precious gift reffered in last two lines. As the word, “ Vidhta no amulya pitaro” mentioned here that intentionally ends with the poem’s real end.  Ultimate desire of getting or rather try to get that valuable treasure of god.

At the end of my analysis I would say that from beginning to the end there is a image of one or another problem but with having some enough relaxment or rather solution to get concern from one or another way that finally ends with one desire or intension of getting god precious treasure with all above relaxtation of different human emotions.