English for Science & Technology

Hello Everyone,
Here is my interpretation on the article Teaching Of EST in Indian Conditions:-
EST:-English for Science & Technology
If one simply tries to bird viewing on the title of the present article he or she may come to know that it's a point that shows something about English language particularly for Science & Technology students.
Why such part is necessary to identity apart from general or basic English students first of all some may have question here.as R.S.Sharma tries to differentiate the slight line or changes between that two & needs & limitations that it accrued.let's see it in detail.
Methods or techniques of teaching English language to Science & Technology students is here comes as a point to discuss.
Methods that we used to learn as a English student is quite different from the students of Science & Technology.as it has some differences in subject matter & content.
Mostly it happens that material that provides to Science & Technology students are prepared by Foreign Authors.it may be beyond an average.Their perceptions & mind set plus way of dealing with one or another subject is obviously differ from our Indian author's publications as well as additions.it definitely hard to understand properly for Indian students & specially Science & Technology students.
So material that provides to Science & Technology students should be relevant to the content so students can easily grasp the exact meaning through it.
Teacher should have sources of require content based information. So that Science & Technology students can be clear for their content.as they have to learn various experiments & scientific methods they should have enough & co related teaching style grasped teachers specially in English language.
Relevant materials & methods helps such particular field students to turn their questions & doubts into some positive feedbacks.
English for Science & Technology students is sometimes take as a fun as they are good in their own particular group subjects but many out of them have queries & difficulties in English language & to deal with it as study subject specially.
(Image that I mentioned is just a glimpse of that regards)
Thank You.

English for Acedamic Purpose

Hello Everyone, Here is my interpretation on the Research work "English for Academic Purposes"by Liz Hamp-Lyons
What is EAP..?
EAP is not only a teaching approach but it's also a branch of applied linguistics consisting of a significant body of research into effective teaching & assessment approaches, methods of analysis of the academic language needs of students, analysis of the linguistic & discoursal structures of academic texts & analysis of the textual practices of academics.
EAP is an educational approach & a set of beliefs about TESOL(Teaching English to the Speakers of Other Languages) that is unlike that in general English courses & textbooks.
Background:-
The term EAP came into use through The British Organization SELMOUS(special English language materials for overseas university students) in 1972.Strevens saw EAP as a branch of the larger field of ESP(English for Special or Specific Purposes). EAP focus on Reading & Writing while General English focus on Speaking & Listening.
In discussing ESP & EAP Strevens argued that courses can be specific in four ways:-
By restricting the language taught to only those skills which are required for learner's immediate purpose
By selecting from the language only those items of vocabulary, grammar patterns & linguistic functions for the same purpose
By including only topics,themes & discourse contexts that are relevant to the learner's needs
By addressing those communicative needs that relate to his purpose
Jordan(1997) offers a useful & comprehensive overview of practice in EAP.
Needs Analysis:-
It is fundamental to an EAP approach to course design & teaching.
The language is attended to at the levels of:-
Register:-Lexical & grammatical features
Discourse:-The effect of communicative context,the relationship between text & its speakers
Genre:-How language is used in particular setting
Research:-
The first major study in this area was Geoghegan(1983).
Research in this area attends to affect how students feel about their study experiences, it also includes studies pointing out differences between student's wants & expectations.there is also significant research into the assessment of EAP by the British Council for the Associated Examining Board on TEAP(Teaching English for Academic Purposes).
Practice:-
Materials design & development
Attracts the best English language teachers
A concern with literacy dominates the literature & the terminology of academic skills development (in USA).
Current & future trends & directions:-
The term Academic Literacy has come to be applied to the complex set of skills which are increasingly argued to be vital underpinnings to the cultural knowledge required for success in academic communities from elementary school on.
The discourse of academic literacy is more usually found outside TESOL.
Conclusion:-
EAP is a thriving & important aspect of TESOL.
Its greatest strength is its responsiveness to the needs of the learners but its greatest weakness also the same that making many of its solutions highly contextual & of doubtful transferability.
Thank You.

English for Specific Purposes

Hello Everyone, Here is my interpretation on the Research work of Tony Dudley-Evans on English for Specific Purposes:-
English for specific purposes ESP has for about 30 years been a separate branch of English language teaching. ESP has always seen itself as materials-driven & as a classroom-based activity concerned with practical outcomes. It deals with teaching, material production & text analysis.
Background:-
Key defining features of ESP
Its teaching & materials are founded on the results of needs analysis
In EAP one can be more precise about learner's needs where it defined by a learning or occupational situation
Robinson in her first overview of ESP suggested that limited duration & adult learners are defining features of ESP courses
It target to intermediate or advanced students of English but for beginners only
It may be designed for specific disciplines or profession
The ESP teacher needs to bear in mind & exploit possible specific knowledge that leads to classroom interaction & teaching methodology
ESP materials will always draw on the topics & activities of specific purposes
Classification:-
ESP is usually classified into two main categories:-
EAP academic (eeducational context)
EOP occupational (professional purposes)
The biggest branch of EOP is Business English
Dudley-Evans & St John (1998) drawing on an idea from George Blue to make a distinction between English for general academic purposes ( EGAP) & English for specific academic purposes (ESAP) & similar distinction can be made between English for general business purposes ( EGBP) & English for specific business purposes ( ESBP)
In the USA it called Content based instruction (CBI)
(Separate from ESP)
EST is a branch of EAP that used when most EAP teaching was for students of engineering & science.
In USA,EVP(English for vocational purposes) is frequently used for teaching English for specific tredes or vocations.it sub divided into vocational English & pre- vocational English
Research:-
Beyond needs analysis
The initial needs analysis provides information about the target situation, what learners will have to do in English & the skills & language needed.this is generally called Target situation analysis.(Chambers 1980)
Needs analysis will always be the first step for ESP,it involves the most detailed analysis
It has been increasing emphasis on investigating some additional factors.
Information about the learners
Particular level in English language
Awareness in language
Skills needed
Learner's perception of needs
Learning situation analysis:-
The investigation of subjectivity felt needs,as opposed to the objective needs established by target situation analysis.
Present situation analysis:-
The investigation of learner's weaknesses or lacks.
Means analysis:-
Analysis of the learning situation within the teaching institution or company.
The need for text analysis:-
What the learner has to produce & understand is considers to identify the text's key features & devices teaching materials that will enable them to use the text effectively.
Analysis of scientific & technical text leads to material production(Lackstrom 1973)
Category of learner's is quite important here.
ESP school is considering higher level issues where research using corpora & concordancing techniques that linked genre analysis with phraseological studies.
Concern with the discourse community's work is also characteristics of the teaching of business english that is the current growth area in ESP.
Practice:-
Hamp-Lynos discusses a number of coursebooks in EAP
In EOP,St.John discusses various types of material that has brief description of key coursebooks
Research work in gener analysis is beginning to generate textbooks applying its findings to the teaching of academic writing.
Current & future trends & directions:-
Learner's background & the effort of the environment in which they use English.
This leads to an increased awareness of the importance of cross cultural issues & a shift towards further research in this area.
Future analysis has two directions:-
Concern with the broader picture of how discourse communities work & the role that the text plays within them
Specific concern will be used to investigate the phreseology of particulat specialist genres in specialist disciplines & professions.
ESP should develop an awareness in ESP students of how they can assert their rights.
Thank You.

As per my understanding here is my interpretation on mentioned Poems.

«  Modern Literature:-

During Modern time community living turns to individual freedom.

Men started to think psychologically,their mind set started to changing.

Due to limitations of thinking Hardy's novel or his character Tess was questioned.

Act of God verses Scientific deal.

There are Watchwords:-Examine,Question & Test.

Barnad Shaw rightly told:-Introgative habit of mind develop during the time.

Social concerns are in the centre. Breaking down the traditional ways of presentation.

It is all about Common Men's Century.

Yet there was feelings of suffocation as quest to choose culture.

Attitude of that time was highly frustrated due to mental & moral fight between two.

Mechanism is matter here. (The Quality by Galsworthy)

It demands for high level understanding.

Avantgarde-new way of expression through writing style.

Orthodox comes when new comes.

Read between the lines is more important here to deal with.

«  Instead of Golden time there was hardships.

Brightness replaced with something else.

"In comfort lie" make comfortable

Request to God to fights against life.

«  A star no longer,but a silver ribbon of light.

I look at it & pass on.

Indication towards the changing mindset of present time.

One day there was trand to compare shines of stars with success & moral values of human being.

But to pass it on,just a silver ribbon of light points out at the constructing interpretations of present time in comparison to the past.

«  The Fire Sermon in The Waste Land has theme of human mind's particular desire & hopes that all wish mixed into ashes a day but yet men's greeds can't prevent them to occur hopes & necessary desires.

(During to a chaste white moon)

Loneliness & draught shows the ultimate feedback from that.

«  Faces in the crowd shows the quest of individual in between the hardship.

Metro pointed out the city life image & it's deep routed so called mentality towards each other.

Nothingness is all about here.

«  The pool pointed out may be on death of someone who hanged or tried suicide as it narrated in it,according to first readings.

But it has something deeper.

The earth is round everything that goes definitely comes next.

Idea or philosophy of Rebirth is lightened here.

«  I make for myself little poems,Delicate as a flock of doves this lines shows or signs towards the intention of poet to write on the strength of human minds as well as the actual aspects that forces us to use it surely.

They fly away like while winged.shows the distance relationships between the classes. With some juxtaposition the poet tried to highlight the gape between two society & the prominence of one's own strength.

The actual face of nature attracts to look upon.

«  It is merely an imagination work by Eliot.

Poverty & suffering situation of a class that face difficulties to even survive in the present time.

Ideal balance between feelings & thoughts.

Situation of a class between elite.

«  Experimental work by poet.

It narrates lack of punctuation.

How one idea & thought make comparison between two & be responsible for breaking horizon.

Glazed with rain water shows the constructive mindset of the poet.

«  Poet's preoccupation with surface.

Authority matters when power or high culture sounds.

The placement of a jar - dual base to look at the jar

It ultimately shows the cultural follies.

«  How man has desire to get something without cost & what possibilities can happen as a result is highlighted.

Greenery is in contrast to the present empty one.

Symbolically the actual rule of nature that one must follow

Pride & fall - statue in Hamlet

Eliot`s The Waste Land.

Respected Sir,

Here below i tries to present my understanding regarding the above mentioned questions.

"The Waste Land" by T.S.Eliot has clear cut image of 20th century's Waste landers.As Eliot mainly focus on the highlightments of that time.Let's see how it is mentioned in it through discussion.

1)Views of Friedrich Nietzsche & T S Eliot on way of dealing with problems.

As Nietzsche strongly believed in Forward Looking. While Eliot believed regressively to come out from difficulties.

According to Nietzsche One should has such inner as well as outer power that can be enough able to face any hardship or obstacles single handedly. Solutions of any problem is in Faith or Self.Only self power help to make our personality unique. We should have some extraordinary skills to deal with suffering. For that one should have wider sight to look towards problems. Nietzsche had such sense of higher thinking than Eliot.

On the other side, Eliot thought that Malaise can solve through Upanishads, Buddhism & Christianity.

He had Backward looking perspective to fight against situation. For that he turned towards Past.He believed that past has everything to give us.

We make some rituals first then next generation when starting to question our rituals then we tries to connect it with myths after that from such new generations some day one person comes & tries to use his/her art & ability to focus on such rituals based myths & then it can be formed & from then onwards people started believing & it shaped universally with the passing of time.

"The Waste Land" has such image to point out.As Eliot tries to show the reality of 20th century,he attempted to be suggestive path to point out follies of that time.To come out from difficulties he choose the medium of past.for reconstruction of society he focus on the past.from past he wanted to get solutions is quite regressive yet it is appealing universally.

So both are right in their own point but i would like to go with Eliot as he has direction to solve problems from our roots only & it aimed to reconstruction of moral values that society possess.

2)Views of Sigmund Fraud & T S Eliot on Primitive instinct & Cultural preservation.

According to Fraud Primitive instinct leads us to happy & satisfied life. While Eliot believed that salvation of man lies in the preservation of the cultural tradition.

Fraud argued that freedom has scope to live life with enjoyment or live it with enough satisfaction. But when it goes beyond to it, it may hard to control afterwards. It may mislead too.

eg:-Industrialism

Industrial aspects are permitted to develop our growth or economy. It provides us all possible-require facilities.but when it turns to hardships of survive in competitive world.Pollution that grows due to such industrial development.

Same way in The Waste Land how sexual perversion referred & it's outcome Eliot tries to point out is important here.

Eliot tries to reconstruct the society for that he suggested to acquire limited freedom. Faith in God is more important to lead towards it.Cultural traditions are the best way to deal with such possibilities of society that happens due to our sense of attitude of living. To be free from sexual degradation he choose the path of spirituality. Even at least one can control self from such affected situation.

Overall Eliot stands for spiritual way to make ideal society.

3)The Waste Land has immense & appropriate use of Indian philosophy & references.

From different myths & sources Eliot tries to show the way of dealing with situation that demands for enough understanding.References from myths indicates that for getting solutions Eliot turned towards Indian philosophy.

Let's see some glimpse of that from The Waste Land.

Eliot ultimately aimed to focus on Indian spirituality as well as for that he take support of Christianity,Buddhism & Hinduism. Upnishad & reference from different myth shows it well.

The Fire Sermon part reflect Buddhism.

Aditya Pariyaya Sutra also referred Buddhism here.

Everything burns according to Eliot as man has feelings of lust & desire.

Man with three staves signs towards our Lord Shiva. No doubt it deals with Anti religious aspects yet sources are from Greek or Indian myths within.(Image of Madam Sosostris)

What the thunder said has storyline from Upnishad of Prajapati.

'Garden Frosty'shows connection with Christianity.

Searching of river signs for third person's serach.everything is dry but God has power to convert it.Glory of God as a third person during loneliness of human being attracts here.water comes as Anti fire to actually focus on the presence of God.

Holy Grail reference also shows Christian aspects.

Buddha's prayer with St.Augustana shows one's own power matter a lot instead of supporting on other.

Request for solving problems & believe in self strength is quite notably painted here.

Da-Datta giver

Dayadhvam-Compasion

Damyata-Control

Above three words mentioned from Brihadaryaka Upanishad.

Balance of that three aspects can settle our life.

'Beauty burn when Heart is purify.'

Eliot has power to be representative for past,present & future also.

Last word Shantih shows the peace with all understanding.

It itself points the way of fulfilling intention to make society better or to at least make aware or build moral values. Answer of question at the end he get from such relevant as well as prominent sources.

Thank You.